The increasing popularity of tattoos has been accompanied by a rise in adverse dermatological reactions, including allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), which is often linked to specific tattoo pigments. This study investigated the inflammatory and immune responses elicited by intradermally injected tattoo inks using a three-dimensional reconstructed human skin (RHS) model. Sixteen commercially available tattoo inks were administered via a permanent make-up device into the dermal layer of RHS constructs, closely mimicking real-life tattooing procedures. After a 24-hour exposure period, culture supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis using ELISA, while tissue sections were examined histologically with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The results showed that multiple inks induced significant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1, IL-8, and IL-18. Notably, Eternal Light Red (ELR), StarBrite Light Red (SLR), Intenze Dragon Red (IDR), Intenze Sculpting Black (ISB), and Kuro Sumi Glow (KSG) triggered more than a fivefold increase in IL-18 levels compared to vehicle controls, confirming their potential as sensitizers.N Cadherin Antibody site Additionally, elevated IL-1 and IL-8 levels were observed in several ink-exposed samples, indicating activation of innate immune pathways and tissue trauma responses.Connexin 43 Antibody Technical Information Histopathological evaluation revealed cytotoxic effects such as cellular swelling, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and loss of epidermal stratification, especially in regions exposed to red and black inks.PMID:35094715 These findings demonstrate that intradermal injection of tattoo inks elicits measurable inflammatory and immunological responses in a physiologically relevant human skin model. The use of a real-world delivery method enhances the translational value of the data, providing critical insights into the mechanisms underlying tattoo-induced hypersensitivity. This approach offers a powerful in vitro alternative to animal testing and supports regulatory efforts to improve the safety profile of tattoo inks through early detection of harmful components.MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com
